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Mraiyp history is present and its basis, the first ancient civilizations are built to reflect the past evolution of our ancestors and that they were in, even if we go back to ancient history and studied the months and the greatest civilizations, we find that the civilization of Mesopotamia is the oldest and longest-established, the most affected of mankind until the present day, this urban civilization reached to the highest level of advancement and progress in all areas, for the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates built great cities of the date / Sumer Akkad Babylon, Ur, Nineveh, Assyria / and others, including first appeared in cuneiform writings and recorded myths stone tablets, and enacted the first laws / Code of Hammurabi / have been studying the science of astronomy and the observation of stars, and developed the first engineering issues, and built dams on the rivers, the famous art of sculpture, Amar, was the greatest military empire extended its control of Mesopotamia to Egypt and the border of China, published on Civil and science and knowledge all over the world.


Has been civilization in Mesopotamia, the historical stage that lasted more than three thousand years civilization and one non-Mottagzop, despite the multiplicity of designations, which came because of the change of government from the control to the end, Valtsmyat / Akadi Sumerian Babylonian Chaldean Assyrian / Valsomreon are designated proportion of the city Sumerian, Akkadian and the proportion of the city I can, and the Babylonians proportion of the city of Babylon, the Assyrians because of the city of Ashur, and when the Chaldeans took control of the regime of Babylon is the capital, if, despite the change of government from city to people is the same black-and civilization is an extension of the people who built this civilization began about a year ago 3200 BC. m. To the year 539 BC. M. The repercussions and impact on humanity continues to this day.


[Nimrod - kung av Assyrien]

Beliefs to the people of Mesopotamia
Primitive people as a whole the people of Jerusalem, Mesopotamia, the manifestations of nature, the underlying forces Fbdoa
And beyond, heat the sun or the force of water or flood, sometimes (Epic of Gilgamesh)
And it took days of the flood story of Noah.
Was normal in a country that idolizes the fertile ground in the class
First.
We have kept the population of Mesopotamia in the early stages of historical Balehthm, we believe the Babylonians
Reserve the gods of Sumer and Akkad, but they made the (Murdoch) God of Babylon in the forefront of their gods,
The Assyrians have made (Ashur) in the front and the Goddess (Ishtar) inherent in it.
We have many gods and multi-city (Llano) God of heaven (Enlil) god of the land (none)
God of groundwater (Shemesh) the sun god (O) of the moon god (Adad) god of nature,
She said each state machine of its own, such as (Murdoch) (Assyria) (Ishtar) (Nebo).
In second place: Karam residents of Mesopotamia half-gods such as: (Gilgamesh).



Sculpture, Ammar
In the field of sculpture artists interested in Mesopotamia to highlight the features of the face
And Tqasimh, brought a statue identical to the descriptions of the owner, Fbera Sumerians holes, and vaccination
Ivory, and mastered the pottery industry, and I have different shapes in the historical stages in the
Mesopotamia, the Sumerians granular form was not reflected in the Babylonian statues,
And the body of the Assyrians in their models each representing a force, like a lion, and the winged bulls,
The wounded lioness, so that always represent the king during the war or hunting, and highlights the
Venanohm details of the face and muscular to denote the force, while the rest of the Estrun
Body loose robe, and the arts Assyrian already Persians later forms of
Statues.
In architecture, adopted Constructors on the dried mud or milk, and both continued to industry
Vhwooa stones in the brick kilns have become so severe, and most important form of architecture
The most famous: Palace (Khorsabad) in the Assyrian capital of Nineveh and Babylon in the palace of the Covenant
Chaldean, and the Nebuchadnezzar Palace, the Tower of Babel Bjnainh outstanding, and religious buildings
It was known as the temple (Alzakorp).


[Assyriska byråkrater]

Thought and Science
Left civilization in Mesopotamia, many of the effects of property, and save most of them in the library
Ashurbanipal, and advanced in science abandoning the achievements are still clicked in our lives
Daily, and expressed the literature of many myths and legends.
Valsomreon wrote the ideas they put the foundations developed by the Akkadian writing, and after them, and I knew
Cuneiform.
And wrote literary works, which dealt with a lamentation songs.
We have the legislation and the law of the most important of these effects that were interested and the most important that (the law of
Hammurabi) gathered 282 legislative rule, and the adoption of these laws Assyrians to become law
State official.




Hammurabi - kung av AssyrienHammurabi var kung i Assyrien 1955-1913 f.Kr. Han gjorde världens första lagar.

Calendar
Grew to know residents of Mesopotamia by the Calendar Bolmamanm fortune.
The year starts in the spring, the beginning of April, a period of recovery of nature, and divided the year to
Two chapters, one begins in April and the second in (Tharit) (October).
Chapter One: April: (March April) May: (April May), Siwan: (May
June) July: (June July) August: (July-August) for the first (August September).
Chapter II: Tharit: (September November) Hussamna: (October October
II) Ximo: (November December) Tabet: (December December
II) February: (January February) March: (February-March).


Preparation and measurements
Has been developed to count and digital counting system, so the count to sixty, and it appears
The adoption of the sixtieth time in the division to sixty minutes and sixty minutes to
Second, as well as Almthagal equal to sixty weight, Alwazna sixty pill, (and Appearance) (180)
Grain, and was complemented by the twelve decimal system, not under it, Kksmp today to twelve
A period of ten (two-hour) and prepare to dozens (12 units) and the five dozen
Is equal to the number sixty, and we are today because we buy (lb.) (12 ounces) but apply this
System, which was applied by the residents of Mesopotamia more than 5300 years!




Medicine
The medical profession is synonymous in most cases the priests of the temples, and the knowledge
Preliminary, and to regulate the medical profession have placed strict conditions so that those who had Imithnha
Any doctor or being mistaken Balusvp process kill the patient, and has organized King
Hammurabi Code of the medical profession, and I quote Assyrians scientific means Pharaonic
And separated between the two concepts of religious, scientific, and tomorrow for an independent medical profession and their proximity to Kings
Of them given the need for them.



Community and the military
The king is the head of society, and his temporal power and represents God on earth,
Failed to take a recipe divinity, and the community is divided into three layers:
Liberal 1: The Hammurabi, he considered the main factor, and the family have a nucleus
Society, and the establishment of the family is going through the same stages that we know today, before Kktobp
Marriage and childbearing until marriage.
2 poor: (Mhchino) any of the poor and their daily lives is the ongoing work in
Fields, irrigation, and care Balaguenip, Viatnon usually territorially king or the temple or
Feudal.
3 slaves: They are the underclass and the last, and they are the property of their masters, and arrived in this
It's either by war or captivity in the sale, I have been entrusted to them the implementation of the business
Labor and menial occupations.
Priests: priests the power to discriminate strong day Sumerians, the Sumerian king is the priest
At the same time, and took the authority of the clergy to multiply, as a result of people believing in magic
, Astrology, talismans, and is now consulted and duty in the event of transfer of power from the parents to
Back, and this did not prevent the recognition of the highest priest, the king, without having a prescription
Divine, and his entourage includes a large number of priests from the tiles, and the priests of temples Mrtbpadny
They have moral status because they are tied between medicine and religion and interpret the will of the gods in the selection
In the advice to perform the throne, if the conditions of war.
Clerks and staff:
Taken from among the priests, scribes, and clerks taken between senior officials, and with the widening
Empire area has intensified the need for staff, and active messaging capital
And the provinces, and spread cuneiform writing outside Mesopotamia, and the number of
Staff in the days of Hammurabi, tens of thousands, The Assyrians have narrowed the transactions
Administrative and Bstoha, that the ruling military and administrative transactions shall be vested in the army.
Army:
Did not develop the military, with the Assyrians at this time, arrived conquest to the sea
Average, and expanded the empire of Mesopotamia to be the biggest and strongest, and was headed by
Army of the king himself, or commander named by him (Tortan)
Competencies in the Army:
1 Infantry:
Fair numbers and their weapons bows and spears and swords cautious appeal helmet and armor, equip
Boats to cross rivers and this is what allows the speed of movement and maneuver and to strengthen the element
Surprise.
2 riders:
The Task Force updated the Assyrians, its dependence on the speed of the attack and bypass only
Including eased weapons.
3 Engineering:
And highlight its mission in siege warfare, equipped with ladders to climb the walls and massive destruction of Bmdkat
The doors of castles and forts, whose members wear body armor and protective barrier, but this band task
Days of peace, which is also paving the roads and build bridges.
4 vehicles:
And drag Antrbpjawadan or three, their effectiveness in a clash with the enemy, a weapon designer
To attack and break into the ranks, where his two leads and the second one aimed arrows.
5 Navy:
Assyrians adopted the Phoenicians in the establishment of the wars of the large fleet of timber in Mount Lebanon
, Ships intended for Saddam's foremost accurate and low job penetrate enemy ships, either
Those that are dedicated to transport troops and ammunition he may represent the introduction of high animal head.



Development of the people of Mesopotamia during the period between the fall of Babylon and the advent of Christianity:

The historical period between the fall of Babylon and Nineveh, and the advent of Christianity is a turbulent period and clear almost as periods of war and foreign authorities head-butting with each other to take over the Iraq strategy, and the period of revolutions and rebellions of the indigenous population fled after the fall of Nineveh ten military commanders some of their teams to the parties Kingdom "area of Edessa," and created a kingdom of the Kingdom of Beefaya Pimp ten, and indicate the date that this small kingdom joined hands several times with the Pharaohs in order to restore the authority of Nineveh, Mesopotamia from the Persians, and has several revolutions in Mesopotamia, but it failed, some have remained kings until the reign of Jesus Christ, including Apgar V, which is said to Russell Jesus and asked him to live in his city.

After the fall of Babylon, Cyrus, however, that Cyrus did not try to break that vow a promise to the priests, he left them the freedom to practice religious rites and worship their gods and respected was that within the subject in full obedience to his priests and he gets all taxes easily through them, however, the tributaries of the rule of the Persians did not last long, as that the ambitions of Europe of that period was heading to the east, were the wars of Alexander the Macedonian and the occupation of Mesopotamia and the fall of Darius fully fit, in one of the current wars, near Arbil in 332 BC. m end of the Persian presence in Iraq for a long period during which he continued to rule Greece for this region.

As the remnants of the Assyrian nationals were filling this country was that coined the Assyrian people who lived in Mesopotamia, the absence of a letter Shin in the Greek language, and letter Shin in the modern European languages are a composite of two characters "ch" as distinct from other ensued on this label all groups without distinction between class and any other areas between the inhabitants of Babylon or Nineveh, or the high mountains, becoming a named general government for all residents of Mesopotamia, and residents of Mesopotamia translated into the Aramaic language as "ܣ ܘ ܪ ܝ ܝ ܐ" because of the lack of definition at the beginning of all proper names for this language , ensued label Sriueh or Sryaya to all residents of Mesopotamia, without discrimination, "because usually delete the name of the first hamzah unusual among the Arabs, Assyrians and Greece have also found the name was changed to the effect of Asrian Since the dawn of Christianity used force, but took the word Syria summary of the meaning of religion and the meaning of the word Soeriaia National. "

Have developed their own language also evolved considerably during this period in terms of grammar and the application rate and is known in Syriac "ܠ ܫ ܢ ܐ ܣ ܘ ܪ ܝ ܝ ܐ" in relation to the label adopted by the population as a whole.

After the death of Alexander the Great and the empire split into two Almcdonnep the share of population under the authority of Iraq-market successors "of Alexander the Great" that came Alcaxion in 250 BC. And established independent kingdoms in the cities and others to Persian kings grew in power again.

Vangd Ardashir Babak tractor in the armies on the plains of Mesopotamia, and Arzun Bazibdi, Babel, Zafar Bardoban the last king of Parthians and set up his chair in the cities. "

And the dates you are looking for in the life force and social realities are very rare until the beginning of Christianity to spread in this region, ie, in the first century AD, then started on incidents of force Christians in churches and monasteries often, "and had left us literature the writings of this period very little code and much of which was in Edessa, for being an independent kingdom and the most important of these codes writings of some graves and history Dissan River flood and the resulting message and then passing Ben Sarabion from prison to his son, a message, and among literary advice to give to his son.

Force conversion to Christianity until the sectarian divisions:

History says that the region of Mesopotamia, and residents knew the force of Christianity since the first century AD or the beginning of the second century BC, when the author states Msheekha Zacha Arbil has a history tells us in history, "which supports the validity is converted to Christianity Since it first," and mention of the Assyrian people who have embraced Kooail Christianity at the hands of St. Mary and St. Valley in the first century AD to the Krkha Dbet Salloukh, Kirkuk in northern Iraq. "

The persecution and harassment inflicted upon the descendants of the Assyrian Empire a great role in the search for a way to protest against social injustice, which was practiced against them by the Romans and the Persians, who were sharing the land of Mesopotamia, was the advent of Christianity the best way for that, so it was affiliated to force all people of the origins of civilization under Babylonian Assyrian the banner of Christianity, for the first time unite the descendants of the Assyrian state since the fall of their political power in 539 BC. m, and this union was under the religious status, making the entry into force of the Assyrians under a single command to all the religious and civilian Aitionha was this leadership as management of an integrated social, religious.

The spread of Christianity among the followers of the empire and the despair of Romanian Roman Emperor of the persecution of Christians under his authority, after many in number and increased alarmingly, announced his conversion to Roman emperor to Christianity, and so within the full loyalty to the empire and follow the subject and help the priests to follow his orders, was this decision adversely affected the living force within Fares where the two tasted, because the force of the Persians considered descendants of the Assyrians living within their power customers Rome to agree a religious belief, and one with the Romans, although there are differences and religious rebellions in some areas led to some religious rifts sometimes.

He feared the Romans in the latter part of the same administration of the force in Mesopotamia, the emergence of political leaders seize certain opportunities to restore the glories of their ancestors Assyrians and Babylonians, the fear of loss of this country from the hands and for all.

So the Romans, they sought to break up respondents by any means, and beating each other, and when they realized that the administration and religious unity, they realized that he could not disperse them only through the Department itself, especially given that the people of Iraq, is the religious people since ancient times, so they started trying to take advantage of differences some of the clergy to create a religious interpretations of the meaning of the Bible and the Roman emperors under the auspices of the synagogues and religious guidance, as required by their wishes, there arose a famous religious discord in the history of Syriac church when the new ideas of Nestorius held its impact on the ecumenical led to the prohibition of Nestorius and his followers by Nestorius also part they forbid " anathemata between Nestorius and Carriles, "said Mar Rabbula Alrhaoi in his letter to Mar Carriles The bishop of Alexandria Qiliqip said that the Virgin Mary is the Mother of God Vtbnaha Nestorius.

It was for this division, and the anathemas a major role in the splitting up of the unity of force to a number of different doctrines, but sporadic, but some of conspiring against the expulsion of some, the Emperor Zeno in 439 AD Nestorius of the country to follow under the authority of these aflaj to Persia and was able to convince the bar Suma Feroz they abandoned the empire Byzantine ill-treatment they received and, therefore, they were welcomed by Persia and considered them an opportunity to create a single spies of this doctrine within the Empire Romanian so did the Romans also Vanksm Timorese to force their position within the Persian power, "adding Fairuz Nestorian Assyrians have for all supporters of Nestorius, and took fire, and Assyrians were forced to accept the iron the teachings of Nestorius. "

"We have and Westerners, mostly under the authority of the Romans and turned some of the clerics of either sect followers will become the spies and agents of both branches of their people against the owners of doctrines contrary to them," has remained the conditions of children of the Church Syriac this case between the tide, "and then also met the owners of Nature night (Jacobites) persecution by the emperor Iostinios first in 518 m and the Church of the State, but did not abandon the Byzantine Empire and remained the postcard beaches of the most indignant mass discontent. "

The finest force during the first centuries of the Christian literature of the great philosophical and theological, was launched by Tattiyan born in Assyria in the early second century AD / Baldiattsron / a translation of the four Gospels in Syriac content and add them, followed by Mlaiton Alsrdini and Bardaisan and his school by the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century, has emerged as the most famous historians and writers force in third and fourth centuries, "St Ephrem the Syrian," which has left a huge collection of literary works, religious and philosophical and historical poetry and prose, has chronicled the incidents of the siege of Nisibis by the Persians in a hair from 350-370 AD and had spent Academy then abandoned in Nisibis to Edessa was conquered by the Persians and founded the Academy of others, and what is left of St Ephrem the effect of three million lines covering various aspects of life.

During the sectarian divisions made a great force of literature in all walks of life and particularly in the religious controversy that took place between the Nestorians and Jacobites, and it was for schools that they established in each of Nisibis and Edessa and Jundishapur Guensrin and plays a major role in the genius of great scholars and writers such as Jacob and Bar Nasippini Suma, and Jacob lay ElBaradei, Some of the scholars Srgis eyes and other head, and the history book of Joshua and the date of Edessa Alamoni author unknown and John Alavsse and Zechariah was spoiled, the schism has created a deep chasm between the sons of force deficit of time until now to erase the negative effects were the cause of the pieces, fractious, they excelled their minds great works of literature intellectual and social occupied by the east altogether more than eight centuries in a row, and later joined another part of the force chair Byzantine church and knew the royal entry into force of Greeks and then the Catholics, have forgotten the Syriac language and link the final date at the present time almost.

Subordination of Mesopotamia to the Arab state Islamic:

Was the conflict between the Romans and the Persians significant negative impact on social life and the lives of stability to the effect of ethnic Assyrian Babylonian civilization, has contributed to these wars, which lasted several centuries in the shattered lives of stability and create confusion and chaos in their lives they were living in the central battle, The city of Nisibis was a clear distinction between the two countries, and this led to the entry into force of hatred and despair of the two countries, were aspiring to get rid of this tyranny by any means, so when it came the Muslim Arab armies in 637 AD to Mesopotamia was welcomed by the Eastern Syrians and Westerners are hoping to get rid of the reality of injustice and tyranny Maqoh by the Persians and the Romans hundreds of years, has already had covenants safety of the leaders of the Muslim armies and the caliphs.

"Having joined the then Department of the Syriac Christians to Islam since the beginning of the new arrival such as" folding, and Altkartp, in southern Mesopotamia, some of them in the hope of the spoils obtained by the Muslim wars, and others an evasion of the actions of some clergy, which they have suffered at their hands of the

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